How Salim Shaped a New Royal Identity through Art and Science

In the year 1603, Shahzada Salim, who later became known as Emperor Jahangir, commissioned an intriguing painting that conveyed a deep connection to his lineage and aspirations. This artwork features his grandfather, Humayun, the second Mughal emperor, depicted kneeling gracefully on a beautifully patterned blue carpet. Humayun is engrossed in reading a poem by Sa’di, a famed 13th-century Persian poet. The poetic verse comes from “Bustan” or “Fragrant Garden,” reflecting an idealized paradise reminiscent of classical Iranian gardens.

Next to Humayun, various scholarly objects are displayed: a pen box, a manuscript, and a portfolio, all signifying his intellectual pursuits. Among these, there lies a particularly captivating item—a planispheric astrolabe, a scientific instrument designed for measuring celestial positions. Crafted by artist Mohan, this painting aptly carries the title “Humayun with Astrolabe,” and you can find a replica on display at the Humayun’s Tomb World Heritage Site Museum in New Delhi.

The Importance of the Astrolabe

The astrolabe traces its roots back to the ancient Hellenistic world and consists of two main parts: the rete, a projection of the night sky, and the tympan, an adjustable plate for specific latitudes. This extraordinary tool not only measures the altitude of stars but also has various other uses, such as calculating local time and aiding in navigation.

By the 8th century, the astrolabe made its way to the Arab world, where it became an essential part of the Islamic scientific tradition. In a historical text known as the Akbarnama, historian Abu’l Fazl referred to Humayun as the “alidade of the astrolabe,” emphasizing his role in advancing an intellectual culture at the Mughal court.

Imagining Humayun’s Legacy

Humayun’s painting shows him in a position of cosmic authority, almost like a ruler overseeing the universe. Interestingly, no other Mughal emperor is depicted with an astrolabe in any other artwork, making this image particularly extraordinary. It highlights Humayun’s genuine fascination with knowledge and establishes a personal connection between him and his grandson, who experienced exile and rebellion during his life.

What makes the astrolabe in Humayun’s painting even more captivating is its possible secret history. Some historians, like Sriramula Rajeswara Sarma, suggest that the earliest known astrolabes in India were tied to Humayun himself. These pieces came from a family of Lahore-based artisans, showcasing an Indo-Persian design enriched by scientific curiosity.

A Turning Point in Identity

Salim’s quest for artistic identity can be seen in this painting. Having set up his own court in Allahabad during a rebellion against his father, Emperor Akbar, Salim wished to create a cultural narrative distinct from that of the imperial center. By commissioning this painting, he linked himself to the celebrated legacy of Humayun, presenting an idealized version of royalty.

Many of the artists employed by Salim were Persian emigrants, echoing Humayun’s own fondness for Persian art when he brought back artists from the Safavid court. This painting served not only as a work of art but as a statement of identity and legitimacy for Salim.

A Rich Academic Tradition

While the Mughals are often remembered for their artistic legacy, they also had a keen interest in scientific pursuits. Scholars in Humayun’s court explored astronomy, geometry, and mathematics, all crucial for calculating horoscopes and celestial models. In fact, historian Ali Anooshahr noted that Humayun emphasized astronomy more than astrology, which laid the foundation for a rich intellectual atmosphere during his reign.

In this narrative, the astrolabe serves not only as a symbol of scientific inquiry but also as a bridge between two Mughal rulers. Jahangir himself expressed pride in the scientific legacy he inherited from Humayun, highlighting their shared fascination with the cosmos.

The Symbolism in the Painting

The presence of the astrolabe in the artwork is not merely decorative. It is a powerful metaphor for cosmic authority and knowledge. The cross-like design on the astrolabe mirrors the ‘alidade’ that Abu’l Fazl used to describe Humayun—representing a vision that brings clarity and direction.

This painting, therefore, is much more than a simple homage to a beloved grandfather. It’s a complex piece that intertwines themes of aspiration, scientific curiosity, and a quest for identity. It speaks to Jahangir’s respect for Humayun’s legacy while hinting at the struggles both emperors faced during their reigns.

Through this beautifully commissioned artwork, Salim embodied a new royal identity that both honored the past and crafted a narrative for himself within the Mughal empire.

Conclusion

In essence, the “Humayun with Astrolabe” painting stands as a testament not just to Mughal artistry but also to the enduring pursuit of knowledge and identity. Salim’s connection to this legacy continues to inspire both historians and art enthusiasts alike.

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